Home Blog Page 24

Institutional framework DOHS and millennium development goals (MDGs)

By
Rupak Nepali
-

The Department of Health Services is one of three departments under the Ministry of Health and Population and have a different level of Institutional framework. Millennium development goals aim to bring peace, security, and development to all people.

The institutional framework of the department of health services

The overall purpose of the Department of Health Services is to deliver preventive, promotive and curative health services throughout the country. The Department of Health Services is one of three departments under the Ministry of Health and Population.  As seen in Figure the organizational structure of the MoHP outlines how different levels of the health system related to form a network under the DoHS.

According to the institutional framework of the DoHS and MoHP, the Sub Health Post (SHP) from an institutional perspective, is the first contact point for basic health services. However, in reality, the SHP is the referral center of the volunteer cadres like TBAs and FCHVs as well as a venue for community-based activities such as PHC outreach clinics and EPI clinics. Each level above the SHP is a referral point in a network from SHP to HP to PHCC, and to the district, zonal and regional hospitals, and finally to specialty tertiary care centers in Kathmandu.  This referral hierarchy has been designed to ensure that the majority of the population receive public health and minor treatment in places accessible to them and at a price they can afford.  Inversely, the system works as a supporting mechanism for lower levels by providing logistical, financial, supervisory, and technical support from the center to the periphery.
Organizational Structure of the Department of Health Services

Acronyms   
MDManagement DivisionNTCNational Tuberculosis Centre
FHDFamily Health DivisionNCASCNational Centre for AIDS and STD Control
CHDChild Health DivisionNPHLNational Public Health Laboratory
EDCDEpidemiology and Disease Control DivisionFCHVFemale Community Health Volunteer
LMDLogistics Management DivisionTBATraditional Birth Attendant
LCDLeprosy Control DivisionPHC/ORCPrimary Health Care Outreach Clinic
NHTCNational Health Training CentreEPIExpanded Programme on Immunisation
NHEICCNational Health Education, Information and Communication Centre  

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

At the millennium summit of September 2000, the member states of the United Nations adopted the Millennium Declaration, which aims to bring peace, security, and development to all people. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), drawn from the Millennium Declaration, are a groundbreaking international development agenda for the 21st century to which all nations are committed. The MDGs outline major development priorities to be achieved by 2015. Numerical targets are set for each goal and are to be monitored through 48 indicators. The MDGs are:

  • Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
  • Goal 2.  Achieve universal primary education
  • Goal 3.  Promote gender equality and empower women
  • Goal 4.  Reduce child mortality
  • Goal 5.  Improve maternal health
  • Goal 6.  Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases
  • Goal 7.  Ensure environmental sustainability
  • Goal 8.  Develop a global partnership for development

Note: Goals no. 4, 5 & 6 are directly related to MoHP/GoN.

Since GoN endorsed the Millennium Declaration, Nepal has been committed to achieving the MDGs. As the primary medium-term strategy and implementation plan for achieving the MDGs, the country’s Tenth Plan (Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper 2002/2003  2006/2007) has incorporated the MDGs into its strategic framework, and has highlighted the importance of improving the monitoring mechanism.

Targets: The targets based on the above goals of MDGs are as follows:

  • Target 1. Halve between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day;
  • Target 2. Halve between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger;
  • Target 3. Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alive, will be able to complete primary schooling;
  • Target 4. Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and at all levels of education no later than 2015;
  • Target 5. Reduce by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015 the under 5 mortality rate;
  • Target 6. Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio;
  • Target 7. Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS;
  • Target 8. To have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other diseases;
  • Target 9. Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources;
  • Target 10. Halve by 2015, the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation;
  • Target 11. This target is related to develop a global partnership for development;
  • Target 12. Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system, includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction-both nationally and internationally;
  • Target 13. Address the special needs of the LDCs, includes: tariff and quota-free access for LDC exports; enhanced program of debt relief for HIPC; and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA for countries committed to poverty reduction;
  • Target 14. Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing states;
  • Target 15. Deal in a comprehensive manner with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term;
  • Target 16. In cooperation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth;
  • Target 17. In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries;
  • Target 18. In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new techniques, especially information and communications.

Among all the above targets, the targets and their respective indicators which are directly related to MoHP are as follows:

Relates toIndicators In 1990 In 2005 In 2015
  Target 5 Infant Mortality Rate 108 – 34
 Under five years mortality rate 162 – 54
 Proportion of one year olds immunized against Measles 42 – 90
 Target 6Maternal Mortality Ratio 850 or 515 – 213 or 134
 Percentage of deliveries attended by health care providers (Doctors/Nurses/Auxiliary Nurse Midwives) 7 – 60
Target 7HIV Prevalence among (15-49) years of age (in %) NA 0.5 –
Contraceptive Prevalence rate including condom (in %) 24 NA –
Target 8Prevalence rate associated with malaria (no. of cases per 10,000 people at risk) 115 – –
Proportion of population in malaria risk areas using effective malaria prevention measures NA – –
Slide Positivity Rate (SPR) 5.1 – –
Prevalence associated with Tuberculosis 460 – –
Death rates associated with Tuberculosis 43 –  
The proportion of Tuberculosis cases detected NA –  
The proportion of Tuberculosis cases cured under DOTS NA –  
      

Source:  Millennium Development Goals

NATIONAL HEALTH SECTOR PROGRAMME (NHSP-IP)

By
Rupak Nepali
-

NATIONAL HEALTH SECTOR PROGRAM (NHSP-IP)

5.1 BACKGROUND

Nepal Health Sector Program (NHSP) is a sector wide program focused on performance results and health policy reforms implemented under a Sector Wide Approach (SWAp) with an agreed set of program performance indicators and policy reform milestones for the program duration. The policy reform milestones are outlined in the Nepal Health Sector Program Implementation Plan (NHSP-IP).  Of the eight NHSP outputs, three are defined for strengthening the health service delivery:

  1. Delivery of essential health care services,
  2. Decentralized management of service and
  3. Public private partnership.

The remaining five outputs are designed for improvement in institutional capacity and management in the areas of:

  1. Sector management,
  2. Health financing and financial management including alternative financing,
  3. Physical asset management and procurement,
  4. Human resource management,
  5. Health management information system and quality assurance.

5.2 PURPOSE OF NEPAL HEALTH SECTOR PROGRAM

This program seeks to address disparities in the system and improve the health of the Nepali population, especially the poor and vulnerable.  NHSP marks a new approach in Nepal which aims at the delivery of basic services to poor and rural populations and the aid resources will increasingly support a sector program, rather than isolated projects. The program design was led by the efforts of Nepali themselves and is built under a sound sector strategy. Hence, the Health Sector Strategy with its Nepal Health Sector Program Implementation Plan is a building block of sector wide rationalization aimed towards aid harmonization, strong performance and reform focus.

5.3 PROGRAM OBJECTIVES

The objective of NHSP is to improve health outcomes by expanding access to and increasing the use of Essential Health Care Services (EHCS), especially for the poor with a nationwide coverage.

5.4 NHSP STRATEGIC PROGRAM ACTIVITIES

NHSP strategic program activities are broadly organized in two components that consolidate the eight areas of work in the NHSP-IP: a) Strengthened Service Delivery through the expansion of essential health care services, greater local authority over and responsibility for service provision, and public-private partnerships; b) Institutional Capacity and Management Development through improved health sector management; sustainable health financing and financial management; human resource development; physical asset management and procurement; and health management information system and quality assurance.

5.5 SUMMARY OF ACHIEVEMENTS DURING FY 2062/63 (2005/2006): PROGRAM PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT STATUS

As defined in the NHSP four key programmatic indicators were agreed to assess annual achievement in program performance: (a) contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) (b) skilled attendance at birth (c) immunization rates and (d) population€™s knowledge about at least one method of preventing HIV/AIDS. Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), 2006 has published a preliminary report showing a remarkable improvement over the period 2001 as a base line on the above indicators.

According to reports from the MoHP, DoHS, Management Division, Health Management Information Section (HMIS) between 2004/2005 and 2005/2006, CPR increased from 41.3% to 42.1 and delivery by trained health workers from 20.2% to 23.4%.  The routine immunization coverage increased from 80% to 93% for DPT3 and from 79% to 88% for measles. As per the NDHS 2006, the knowledge of at least one method of preventing HIV/AIDS has also improved considerably.

Health Sector TENTH PLAN (2059/60-2063/64)

By
Rupak Nepali
-

4          TENTH PLAN (2059/60-2063/64)

4.1       OVERARCHING NATIONAL OBJECTIVE

The overarching national objective of the Tenth Plan is to reduce the magnitude of poverty among the Nepali people substantially and sustainable by developing and mobilizing the healthy human resources.

4.2       OBJECTIVES

In order to provide capable and effective type of curative, preventive, promotional and rehabilitative health services and to make the reproductive health and family planning services available to reduce the growing population, the health service sector will have the following objectives:

4.2.1        Apart from improving the quality of health services, increase the access of the poor and disadvantaged people of the rural and remote areas to these services.

4.2.2        Besides the management of the growing population, access of reproductive health and family planning services will be extended to the rural areas extensively in consideration of maternal health service.

4.3       QUANTITATIVE GOALS

The goals of the health service sector are given in the following table:

SN Health Indicators Status as of FY 2002 Target of 10th plan
General Growth Alternative growth
1 Availability of Essential Health Care Service (in %) 70 90 88
2 Availability of the stipulated essential medicines in the specific institutions (%) 80 90 89
3 Provide essential health services with all health workers required (%) 60 80 78
4 Percent of women receiving prenatal service for four times 14.3 18 17
5 Women of 15-44 age group receiving TT vaccines (%) 45.3 50 49
6 Birth attendance by the trained health workers (%) 13 18 17
7 Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (in %) 39 47 46
8 Use of Condoms for safe sex (14-15 yrs) (%) – 35 35
9 Total Fertility Rate (women of 15-49 yrs) 4.1 3.5 3.6
10 Crude Birth Rate (per 1000) 34 30 30
11 Maternal Mortality Ratio (per 100,000 live birth) 415 300 315
12 Newly born infant mortality rate (Neo-Natal Mortality Rate) per 1,000 live births 39 32 33
13 Infant Mortality per 1,000 live births 64 45 47
14 Child Mortality (<5 yrs.) per 1,000 live births 91 72 74
15 Crude mortality Rate 10 7 7
16 Life Expectancy at birth (years) 61.9 65 64

Source: Tenth Plan (2059-2064) National Planning Commission

 

4.4       STRATEGIES

The following strategies have been developed:

4.4.1        Investment to provide essential health service to the poor and the backward communities will be increased gradually.

4.4.2        Ayurveda, naturopathy services and traditional healing systems (like homeopathy, Unani) will be developed as the supplementary health service. In order to conserve and promote these services, these remedial systems will be developed by the use and promotion of local medicinal herbs and by enhancing skills and expertise in the use of these.

4.4.3        Health services will be gradually decentralised in line with the Local Self-Governance Act, 1998 and the office-bearers of Local Health Administration and Management Committees will be involved in orientation programmes to enhance their working capability.

4.4.4        So as to raise the availability of and access to essential health services, main contributors to health problems such as safe motherhood, reproductive health, child health, nutrition, tuberculosis, kala-azar (typhus), malaria, Japanese encephalitis and other communicable diseases need to be addressed in order to enhance health services in rural and remote areas through special programs.

4.4.5        All government, non-government and private health institutions at the local level providing basic health services and at the central level providing specialist services will be effectively managed and strengthened by means of two-way communication system.

4.4.6        With the aim of improving the quality of health services provided in partnership by the government, private and non-government sectors, the human, financial and physical resources will be managed effectively.

4.4.7        The reproductive health program has an important role to play in the effective management of population.  Family planning services will be made more extensive and effective based on the increasing informed choices. Moreover, it will help reduce maternal and child mortality as well.

4.5       POLICIES AND WORK PLANS

In order to fulfill the objectives of keeping the population growth within the desired rates, reducing the disease burden, and providing the people in general and the poor, women and children with the quality health services, the following policies are listed out.

  • Extension of essential health services
  • Ayurveda, naturopathy, Unani and other traditional health services management and decentralized health service
  • Special health service to control communicable and non- communicable diseases
  • Disseminating system
  • Partnership/participation of the government, non-government and private sectors
  • Reproductive health service

4.5.1    Basis of the Programs:

In line with the recommendations made by the Public Expenditure Review Commission and the policy of involving local elected bodies in the management of physical infrastructure and financial resources of the health institutions operating at the rural level, the health posts and primary health care centers will be handed over to the local elected bodies in the Tenth Plan.

Communicable diseases, malnutrition and the motherhood-related diseases are found to be the causes of 68 percent of all diseases and 50 percent of total mortality in Nepal.  In order to implement such programs relating to control of contagious diseases, nutrition, reproductive health and family planning with due priority, it is necessary that in the days to come, the government and private institutions be listed and the places and norms of the services (including specialist-oriented services) be specified.

There is substantial disparity in the conditions of health services between the urban and the rural areas. An independent National Micro-economic Health Commission will be set up within the accepted structure of the national program of poverty eradication to conduct the health sector program in a coordinated manner.

The health service program are prioritized in the Tenth Plan on the following basis:

  • Burden of diseases,
  • Implementing capacity,
  • Equity,
  • Programs targeted to the poor, the oppressed and those deprived of opportunities,
  • Programs contributing to poverty eradication,
  • Availability of resources

 

There are 3 categories of programs P1, P2 and P3 based on descending order of priority.

The Programs in First Priority

(P1)

 The Programs in Second Priority

(P2)

 The Programs in Third Priority

(P3)
  • Expanded vaccination and national polio vaccine
  • Control of Acute Respiratory Infection
  • Diarrhoea
  • Nutrition
  • Safe motherhood
  • Family planning
  • Reproductive Health of the adolescents
  • Female Community Health Volunteers and sudenis (trained traditional birth attendants)
  • Epidemiology and control of diseases

–          Control of malaria

–          Typhus (kala-azar)

–          Natural disaster and management

–          Vector-borne diseases and their control, research and training

–          Tuberculosis

–          Leprosy

–          HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)

–          Health information, communication and education

–          Supply management

–          Community medicine

–          Health insurance

–         Information management
  • National Health Training
  • Bir Hospital
  • Shahid Shukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital
  • Kanti Children€™s Hospital
  • HRH Indra Rajya Laxmi Maternity Hospital
  • Urban health
  • Ayurved services
  • Laboratory and other auxiliary services
  • Strengthening supervision, monitoring and evaluation systems
  • Blood bank and blood transfusion service
  • Health research

 
  • Nepal Eye Hospital
  • Netrajyoti Sangh
  • BP Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital
  • BP Koirala Health Science Foundation, Dharan
  • Shahid Gangalal National Health Centre
  • Dental care service
  • Ayurved Hospital, Naradevi
  • Singha Durbar Vaidyakhana
  • Homoeopathy
  • Unani
  • Naturo-therapeutics
  • Management of medicines
  • Post-graduation
  • Hospital development and extension
  • Control of addictive drugs

 

 

National Policies and Plans in health sector

By
Rupak Nepali
-

NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY, 1991

The National Health Policy was adopted in 1991 (2048 BS) to bring about improvements in the health conditions of the people of Nepal.  The primary objective of the National Health Policy is to extend the primary healthcare system to the rural population so that they benefit from modern medical facilities and the services from trained healthcare providers.  The National Health Policy addresses the following areas:

1.1: PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICES

Priority is given to programs that directly help reduce infant and child mortality.  Services are to be provided in an integrated manner throughout the country through the national health systems network.

1.2: PROMOTIVE HEALTH SERVICES

The programs that enable people to live healthy lives will be given priority.

1.3: CURATIVE HEALTH SERVICES

Curative health services will be made available at all health institutions-central, regional, zonal, and district hospitals; primary health care centers (PHCCs), health posts (HPs), and sub-health posts (SHPs).  Hospital expansion will be based on population density and patient loads.  Mobile teams will be organized to provide specialist services to remote areas.  A referral system will be developed to direct the rural population to well-equipped institutions.

1.4: BASIC PRIMARY HEALTH SERVICES

Sub Health Posts will be established in a phased manner in all Village Development Committees (VDCs).  One Health Post in 205 electoral constituencies will be upgraded in a gradual manner and converted to a Primary Health Care Centre.

1.5: AYURVEDIC AND OTHER TRADITIONAL HEALTH SERVICES

The ayurvedic system will be developed and other traditional health systems (such as Unani, Homeopathy, and Naturopathy) will be encouraged.

1.6: ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT

Improvements will be made in the organization and management of health facilities at the central, regional and district levels.  This will include the integration of the district hospitals and the public health offices into District Health Offices.

1.7: COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN HEALTH SERVICES

Community participation will be sought at all levels of healthcare through the participation of female community health volunteers (FCHVs), traditional birth attendants (TBAs), and leaders of various local social organizations.  VDCs will provide sites for the location of SHPs.

1.8: HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH DEVELOPMENT (HRH)

Technically competent human resources will be developed for all health facilities.  Training centers and academic institutions will be strengthened to produce competent human resources.

1.9: RESOURCE MOBILISATION IN HEALTH SERVICES

National and international resources will be mobilized and alternative concepts (such as health insurance, user charges, and revolving drug schemes) will be explored and affected wherever possible.

1.10: PRIVATE, NON-GOVERNMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES AND INTER-SECTORAL COORDINATION

The Ministry of Health & Population will coordinate activities with the private sector, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and non-health sectors of GoN.  The private sector and NGOs will be encouraged to provide health services to expand services and access.

1.11: DECENTRALISATION AND REGIONALISATION

Decentralization and regionalization will be strengthened; peripheral units will be made more autonomous. DHOs and DPHOs will have a prominent role in the planning and management of preventive, curative, and promotive health services from district to village levels.

1.12     BLOOD TRANSFUSION SERVICES

The Nepal Red Cross Society will be authorized to conduct all programs related to blood transfusion.  The practice of buying, selling, and depositing blood will be prohibited.

1.13     DRUG SUPPLY

Improvements will be made in the supply of drugs by increasing domestic production and upgrading the quality of essential drugs through the effective implementation of the National Drug Policy.

1.14     HEALTH RESEARCH

Health research will be encouraged for helping evidence-based policy formulation and better management of health services.

2 OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES ON POLICIES AND PROGRAMS OF THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND POPULATION

The policies and programs of the Ministry of Health and Population and the actions and activities of its officials will be as directed by the spirit and feelings of the Jana Andolan II (Peoples€™ Revolution, 2006/2007) 2062/63.

With the prime objective of bringing about a change in the overall health of a Nepali and towards creating a healthy Nepali society, the Ministry of Health and Population will perform the following tasks:

2.1          We express our strong commitment to the worldwide recognition of “health being the basic right of people”. Our special focus will be on people of economically and socially deprived groups, sex, tribes, communities, and regions to guarantee the health of the overall Nepali people.

2.2          Our strong commitment lies in the fact that the state has a major role to deliver all kinds of health services to the people, be it preventive, promotive, or curative. Towards primary health care, the services will be provided according to the proclamation of the Alma Ata Declaration. Ayurveda and other alternative medical practices will be conserved and promoted.

2.3                The present health budget will be increased. Steps will be taken to provide more funds available to the health sector as in other social welfare sectors.  In order to ensure additional funding for health services, budgetary cuts will be enforced in the budget for Royal Palace and Nepal Army. The budget allocated to the health sector will be used in an effective and efficient way and there will be no letup in administration for financial corruption and other irregularities in the health sector. System of reward and punishment will be practiced with full commitment. International donor organizations will also be encouraged to extend their cooperation according to the spirit and feelings of this Guideline.

2.4          Special initiatives will be taken to create a provider-friendly atmosphere for doctors and health workers to work in villages and rural areas. Their career development and opportunity for higher education will be ensured. A two way feedback system will be made operational.

2.5          Medical education will be made responsive to the requirement of the health sector of Nepal and a coordination mechanism will be strengthened with the Ministry of Education, the Universities, and other teaching organizations.  Necessary steps will be taken to involve such teaching institutions for quality health care providers for the people.

2.6                Support will be provided through necessary policy directives and supervision of the private sector in order for them to function responsibly in society.  A cooperative approach to health will be taken in a way that ensures the participation and ownership of the community.

2.7          District health system will be organized according to the concept of integrated approach and decentralization principle. To empower the people through the mechanism of health-related activities, community-based health workers will be empowered. Special initiatives will be taken to tap the inherent capabilities of these health workers and health volunteers and ensure effective use of it in their role as a bridge between the people and the health institutions.

2.8                Realizing the fact that health and development have an interdependent relation, the Ministry will make a concerted effort for effective intersectional coordination.

2.9                The population policy of Nepal will be strongly steered towards the aim of reducing poverty and hunger.

2.10            The Ministry of Health and Population will take immediate steps to provide health security to the families of those seriously injured and those who obtained martyrdom during the Jana Andolan II.

3 SECOND LONG TERM HEALTH PLAN, 1997-2017

The Ministry of Health and Population of the Government of Nepal has developed a 20-year Second Long-Term Health Plan (SLTHP) for FY 2054-2074 (1997-2017).  The aim of the SLTHP is to guide health sector development for the overall improvement of the health of the population, particularly those whose health needs are often not met.

The SLTHP addresses disparities in healthcare, taking into account gender sensitivity and equitable community access to quality healthcare services.  The aims of the SLTHP are to provide a guiding framework to develop successive periodic and annual health plans that improve the health status of the population; to develop appropriate strategies, programs, and action plans that reflect national health priorities that are affordable and consistent with available resources; and to ensure co-ordination among public, private and NGO sectors and development partners.

The SLTHP envisions a healthcare system with consideration of equity and access and quality services in both rural and urban areas.  The system would encompass the principles of sustainability, community participation, decentralization, gender sensitivity, effective and efficient management, and public-private partnerships.

3.1       Objectives

The objectives of the SLTHP are as follows:

  • To improve the health status of the population of the most vulnerable groups, particularly those whose health needs often are not met – women and children, the rural population, the poor, the underprivileged and the marginalized population;
  • To extend to all districts cost-effective public health measures and essential curative services for the appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries;
  • To provide technically competent and socially responsible health personnel in appropriate numbers for quality healthcare throughout the country, particularly in under-served areas;
  • To improve the management and organization of the public health sector and to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the healthcare system;
  • To develop appropriate roles for NGOs, and the public and private sectors in providing health services; and
  • To improve inter-and intra-sectoral coordination and to provide the necessary support for effective decentralization of health care services with full community participation.

3.2 Targets

The targets of the SLTHP are as follows:

  • To reduce the infant mortality rate to 34.4 per thousand live births;
  • To reduce the under-five mortality rate to 62.5 per thousand live births;
  • To reduce the total fertility rate to 3.05;
  • To increase life expectancy to 68.7 years;
  • To reduce the crude birth rate to 26.6 per thousand population;
  • To reduce the crude death rate to 6 per thousand population;
  • To reduce the maternal mortality ratio to 250 per hundred thousand live births;
  • To increase the contraceptive prevalence rate to 58.2 percent;
  • To increase the percentage of deliveries attended by trained personnel to 95%;
  • To increase the percentage of pregnant women attending a minimum of four antenatal visits to 80%;
  • To reduce the percentage of iron-deficiency anemia among pregnant women to 15%;
  • To increase the percentage of women of childbearing age (15-44) who receive tetanus toxoid (TT2) to 90%;
  • To decrease the percentage of newborns weighing less than 2500 grams to 12%;
  • To have essential healthcare services (EHCS) available to 90% of the population living within 30 minutes€™ travel time to health facility;
  • To have essential drugs available around the year at 100% of facilities;
  • To equip 100% of facilities with full staff to deliver essential health care services; and
  • To increase total health expenditures to 10% of total government expenditures.

3.3       DELIVERY OF ESSENTIAL HEALTHCARE SERVICES

3.3.1    Essential Health Care Services for the Modern System of Medicine:

The Second Long Term Health Plan indicated that priority will be given to health promotion and prevention activities based on Primary Health Care principles.  It identified Essential Health Care Services (EHCS) that address the most essential health needs of the population and that are highly cost-effective.  EHCS are priority public health measures and are essential clinical and curative services for the appropriate treatment of common diseases.  The EHCS for Ayurveda and other traditional systems of medicine are defined separately.

Main Interventions*Health Problems Addressed
Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuriesCommon Diseases and Injuries
Reproductive healthMaternal and Peri-natal health problems including other RH issues
The expanded program on immunisation (EPI) and Hepatitis B VaccineDiphtheria, Pertusis, TB, Measles, Polio, Neonatal Tetanus, Hepatitis B
Condom promotion and distributionSTD/HIV, Hepatitis B, Cervical Cancer
Leprosy controlLeprosy
Tuberculosis controlTuberculosis
Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI)Diarrhoeal Disease, Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI), Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM), Measles and Malaria
Nutritional supplementation, enrichment, nutrition education and rehabilitationPEM, Iodine Deficiency Disorders, Vitamin A Deficiency, Anaemia, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Diabetes, Rickets, Perinantal Mortality, Maternal Morbidity, Diarrhoeal Disease, ARI
Prevention and control of blindnessCataracts, Glaucoma, Pterygium, Refractive Error, and other Preventable Eye Infections
Environmental sanitationDiarrhoeal Disease, Acute Respiratory Infection, Intestinal Helminthes, Vector Borne Diseases, Malnutrition
School health servicesDiarrhoeal Disease, Helminthes, Oral Health, HIV, STDs, Malaria, Eye and Hearing Problems, Substance Abuse, Basic Trauma Care
Vector borne disease controlMalaria, Leishmaniasis, Japanese Encephalitis
Oral health servicesOral Health
Prevention of deafnessHearing Problems
Substance abuse, including tobacco and alcohol controlCancers, Chronic Respiratory Disease, Traffic Accidents
Mental health servicesMental Health Problems
Accident prevention and rehabilitationPost Trauma Disabilities
Community-based rehabilitationLeprosy, Congenital Disabilities, Post Trauma Disabilities, Blindness
Occupational healthChronic Respiratory Disease, Accident, Cancers, Eye and Skin Diseases, Hearing Loss
Emergency preparedness and managementNatural and Man-made disasters.

* Main Interventions are listed in priority order

INTRODUCTION AND POLICY BACKGROUND for health service

By
Rupak Nepali
-

This is the Annual Report of the Department of Health Services for the fiscal year 2062/63, and it is the 12th consecutive report of its kind. This is also the fourth report of the tenth Five Year Plan period of the Government of Nepal (GoN). This document not only focuses on the performance of the fiscal year 2062/63 but also covers the following areas, which will be the basis for the analysis of performance in the coming years.

  • Program-specific policy statements, including goals, strategies, targets, and major activities;
  • Program-specific indicators for the monitoring of program performance on a regular basis; and
  • Problems/constraints and actions to be taken in order to improve performance in the coming years.

Preparation of this report followed the Regional Annual Performance Review Workshops conducted in all five regions which culminated in the National Annual Performance Review Workshop. These review meetings were attended by the Regional Directorates, all technical/support divisions, centers, and representatives from external development partners and NGO/INGO at each level.

During the workshop, the policy statements of each program were reviewed and refined in light of the present context. The data generated from the HMIS in the form of raw numbers were carefully and critically analyzed along with data available from other sources. These data were interpreted during a series of presentations and discussions.

The National Performance Review Workshop achieved the following objectives:

  • The achievements were reviewed against the target/plan set for the FY 2062/63 (2005/2006) by Divisions/Centres with respect to the released budget and expenditure and recommendations were made for further improvement.
  • The trend of service coverage for the FY 2062/63 was compared with the previous two fiscal years and progress was assessed toward achieving the targets set for the 10th plan.
  • Reviewed the progress made in achieving the objectives of the Nepal Health Sector Programme Implementation Plan (NHSP-IP) and its milestones.
  • Identified and addressed issues related to the handing-over of health facilities to local VDCs in relation to the delivery of health services.
  • The implementation status of recommendations made at the National Annual Performance Review of the FY 2061/62 (2004/2005) was reviewed and clarified the reasons for not being able to implement the recommendations made during the preceding year.
  • Identified specific modalities and programs for low-coverage districts to extend their coverage.
  • Discussed issues/problems/recommendations made by the Regional Annual Performance Review Workshop and made recommendations to MoHP for necessary action.

The outcome of this workshop can be seen in the programme-specific chapters of this Report. Detailed district-specific data and analyses are available in each of the five Regional Reports as well as in the annexes of this document.

Health Management Information System- Internship project

By
Rupak Nepali
-

Health Management Information System: Analysis, planning, monitoring, and coordination. Executive summary, logistics for internship reports

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

This Annual Report presents the annual performance of the major programs carried out through the network of health facilities of the Department of Health Services during the fiscal year 2062/63 (2005/2006). The report mainly focuses on the implementation status of activities carried out by program divisions and centers against the set targets. Major program activities are analyzed and attempts are made to highlight the trends in services coverage over the preceding two fiscal years. This report also identifies issues, problems, and constraints, and suggests actions for improvement, to be taken by the related health institutions. The information and statistics used in this report are based on the information collected by the Health Management Information System (HMIS) section of the Management Division, Department of Health Services from health institutions across the country.

Basic health services during FY 2062/63 were provided by 89 hospitals, 186 Primary Health Care Centers (PHCCs), 698 Health Posts (HPs) and 3,129 Sub Health Posts (SHPs). Primary health care was also provided by 14,512 Primary Health Care Outreach Clinic (PHC/ORC) sites. These services were further supported by 48,352 Female Community Health Volunteers (FCHVs).

During the current fiscal year, despite the disturbances in the country, most of the indicators suggest an improvement in overall health service coverage particularly in immunization, the severity of CDD, ARI, Iron distribution to pregnant women, family planning and safe motherhood. Though the regular immunization program (EPI) and safe motherhood program activities have shown improvements there remain some issues in other programmes that require attention such as preventing outbreaks of some communicable diseases, quality surveillance and quality of care to service consumers to have a tangible effect.

CHILD HEALTH

The Child Health program includes the following:

  • Expanded Programme of Immunisation (EPI) including Hepatitis B vaccination
  • Supplemental immunization programs
  • Community-Based Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (CB-IMCI)
  • Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases (CDD)
  • Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI)
  • Nutrition Programme

EXPANDED PROGRAMME ON IMMUNISATION (EPI)

The national coverage of all antigens in the regular EPI program has improved. DPT3, Polio3 and Measles coverage has increased by more than 8.0 percent compared to the last fiscal year. Hepatitis 3 coverage has gone to 89.1 percent. TT2 to pregnant women has increased by more than 6.0 percent. School Immunization program has been initiated. Last year’s measles campaign had a significant positive impact in terms of a reduction in measles outbreaks, measles cases and more importantly, a reduction in deaths.

Intensified National Immunisation Days (NIDs) were conducted as in previous years. These activities made substantial contributions toward the goal of maintaining Nepal polio-free.

NUTRITION

The proportion of malnourished children decreased to 8.6 from 10.5 in the last fiscal year and growth monitoring coverage and the average number of growth monitoring visit has also increased. Vitamin A capsules were distributed to 100.0 percent targeted 6 to 59 months children. More pregnant women received iron tablets during this fiscal year compared to the previous fiscal year. However, the reliability of reporting in terms of duplication and compliance need to be assessed to ensure the quality of service.

COMMUNITY-BASED INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF CHILDHOOD ILLNESS (CB-IMCI)

During this fiscal year, the CB-IMCI program was expanded to eight more districts making the total of thirty-three. The CB-IMCI program has shown positive results in the management of childhood illnesses in comparison to districts where the programme is not implemented. The incidence of ARI and pneumonia detection is higher in the districts where the CB-IMCI program is implemented compared to non-CB IMCI districts. However, the severity of pneumonia is lower in the districts where the CB-IMCI program is implemented in comparison to the districts where the CB-IMCI program is not implemented.

CONTROL OF DIARRHOEAL DISEASE (CDD)

Substantial progress has been achieved in control of Diarrhoeal diseases among Nepalese children. The proportion of severe dehydration cases and the case fatality rate has decreased to 1.4 and 0.11 percent during the FY 2062/63. Almost nine out of ten diarrhoeal cases were treated with oral rehydration solution (ORS), while treatment with IV fluid had decreased from 2.9 percent to 1.9 percent in FY 2062/63.

ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION (ARI)
The incidence of ARI per 1,000 under-five children has increased from 360 to 405. The possible reason may be due to the community’s increased accessibility to ARI related health services. However, the percentage of new cases treated with antibiotics has decreased from 38.1percent to 35.2. Although, pneumonia cases have increased compared to last fiscal year, the proportion of severe pneumonia among new cases has decreased to 1.6 percent. The death rate due to pneumonia has remained constant to 0.2/1,000 over a period of three years. It is worth noting that in 25 districts where the Community Based ARI/IMCI program has implemented the incidence of ARI and pneumonia cases was higher but the proportion of severe pneumonia cases was significantly lower than in the 50 districts where the programme is not implemented.

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

Family Planning is one of the major components of the Reproductive Health Programme. Over the past several years, contraceptive use has shown incremental improvements. Contraceptive methods like Depo Provera, Pills and Condoms are available nation-wide. Intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUCDs) services are made available in 67 districts and Norplant in 61 districts. Voluntary surgical contraceptive services are made available through static clinics as well as the mobile outreach program.

FAMILY PLANNING
The Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) for modern methods shows an increasing trend, from 41.03 percent in FY 2061/62 to 42.01 percent in FY 2062/63. The preliminary finding of NDHS 2006 has shown the CPR of 48.0 percent for all method and more than 44.0 percent for the modern method. The total number of new acceptors of spacing methods has increased by about 5.0 percent from 442,371 in FY 2061/62 to 463,508 in FY 2062/63.

The total number of new acceptors of all spacing methods, except Depoprovera has increased in FY 2062/63. The new acceptors for voluntary surgical contraception (VSC) have also increased from 87,298 in FY 2061/62 to 93,413 in 2062/63 achieving 102.0 percent against the expected cases. The male participation in surgical contraception has increased by 2.0 percent over the last year. In terms of family planning current users, it has achieved 97.0 percent of the set target during the FY 2062/63. The involvement of I/NGOs in performing voluntary surgical contraception is noteworthy in the national program.

SAFE MOTHERHOOD
The safe motherhood program has been successful in maintaining the increasing trend of service coverage. Similarly, expansion and strengthening of different safe motherhood services such as comprehensive abortion care, basic and comprehensive EOC services, maternity incentive schemes etc are being carried out in a planned manner. Post-Abortion Care services have decreased during the review period compared to FY 2061/62 due to the legalization of safe abortion. Met need for EOC services has improved. CEOC and BEOC sites have also been expanded in various districts. The Maternal Mortality Ratio based on the preliminary findings of NDHS 2006 has indicated a remarkable reduction compared to Nepal Family Health Survey Report of 1996.

FEMALE COMMUNITY HEALTH VOLUNTEER (FCHV) PROGRAMME
The role of the FCHVs is mainly focused on motivation and education of local mothers and community members for the promotion of safe motherhood, child health, family planning, and other community health services. Female Community Health Volunteers (FCHVs) contributed significantly to the distribution of oral contraceptive Pills, Condoms, and Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) packets.

In addition to the above activities, FCHVs supported in providing Vitamin A capsules, iron supplementation and de-worming to pregnant women in intensified districts and polio immunization to children below 5 years during NID, community-based management, and treatment of ARI and other public health activities in 25 CB-IMCI districts.

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE OUTREACH CLINIC (PHC/ORC)
PHC/ORC clinics are the extension of services provided at SHP and HP in order to make these services more accessible to the community. The number of PHC/ORC clinics has decreased during the current FY due to numerous constraints. In spite of the reduction in the number of PHC/ORC, the average number of clients served per clinic has increased. The PHC/ORC clinics strategy has been revised to improve its effectiveness.

DISEASE CONTROL

MALARIA/KALA-AZAR
During this fiscal year, the malaria metric indicators such as ABER, API, SFR, and Pf % have increased compared to last fiscal year. More efforts are required to forecast, prevent and control major outbreaks that might occur in the coming years. GFATM support for the RBM program provides hope for future malaria control activities.

Kala-azar is a major problem in the 12 districts of eastern and central Terai. The case fatality rate is decreased indicating an overall improvement in case management and increasing awareness among the people. The reported number of annual cases range from about eight hundred to more than thirteen hundred during the last three fiscal years. However, this does not include the cases treated either in private clinics or on the other side of the border; this clearly suggests that gross under-reporting of cases exists. The elimination of Kala-azar from endemic countries of the South East Asia region has been proposed and agreed upon. In this regard, rigorous and concrete efforts and high-level commitment from the government will be required in improving overall surveillance mechanism including mandatory reporting of disease from private healthcare sectors.

JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS (JE)
Twenty four districts of Terai and inner Terai are affected by Japanese Encephalitis putting 12.5 million people at risk of the disease. The number of Encephalitis (including JE) ranged from 1,900 to 2,900 during the period of 2001 to 2005. But in this fiscal year, the reported cases have decreased to about 1,500 cases. The number of deaths due to Encephalitis ranged from 161 to 316 during the period from 2003 to 2005. It was decreased to 110 in the year 2006.

TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL
The NTP continues to make progress with DOTS expansion to 560 treatment centers and 2,795 sub-centers. Case finding was decreased by 5.0 percent during this FY against the target defined by WHO of maintaining at 70 percent but the treatment success rate was maintained at 88 percent and the sputum conversion rate was improved by 2.0 percent. A partnership between the NTP and private sector, public sector, NGOs, traditional healers, medical colleges, media, pharmacies, and communities is continuously increasing.

LEPROSY
Nepal is one of the five countries in the world, not yet able to eliminate leprosy despite all efforts. Nevertheless, the program has been reporting a steady decline both in PR and NCDR at 1.65 and 1.96 per 10,000 populations. Out of 75, 44 districts have the PR of fewer than 1/10,000 populations. Case holding is exceptionally good with the cure rates of over 90 percent for MB and 93 percent for PB cases. Endemicity of leprosy is almost localized to Terai region accounting for more than 80 percent. The Disability rate (4.81) has increased at the national level compared to the last fiscal year (3.52). This increment was observed in WDR by more than five-fold during the F.Y 2062/63.

HIV/AIDS/STIs
HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are emerging as major threats to Nepal’s socio-economic and health sectors. Since the first case of AIDS was detected in 1988, Nepal has progressed from a low prevalence country to one with a concentrated epidemic in certain sub-group of the population. This indicates a threat of a generalized epidemic if comprehensive efforts are not taken immediately. Nepal has responded to the threat by developing a national strategy for HIV/AIDS prevention and has identified priority areas that need to be addressed.

SUPPORTING PROGRAMMES

NATIONAL HEALTH TRAINING
Overall 92 percent of the set targets were achieved in training activities at the central level during the FY 2062/63. At the same time, 83 percent of the district level training activities were completed. Based on the identification of necessary training needs several trainings such as Master Training of Trainers (MTOT), Training of Trainers (TOT), District Training of Trainers (DTOT), Competency-Based Skills (CBS) training to clinical trainers i.e., Doctors, Nurses and Health Assistants, Bio-medical equipment/ instrument repair and maintenance, Community drug training and Logistic training etc were conducted in this fiscal year.

HEALTH EDUCATION, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
Various types of IEC/BCC activities were implemented at national, regional and district level to support demand creation and behavior change in preventive and promotive health services. The main activities were; formative and Desk review research, health education programme guidelines, materials production and distribution, the presentation of regular, weekly and periodic audio-visual programs, the dissemination of health message through the mass media, social mobilisation, advocacy workshop/seminar, folk events, observation on special days and exhibitions etc. Overall more than 90 percent of the set targets were achieved in IEC/BCC activities at the central level whereas more than 82 percent of the district level IEC/BCC set activities were performed during the FY under review.

LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT
Because of the difficult geographical terrain in the country efficient logistics management is a great challenge. Emphasis is placed on efficient management of health logistics for improving the distribution of medicines, vaccines, medical types of equipment, contraceptives, hospital types of furniture and maintenance of medical types of equipment at all level of health facilities.

LMIS information is being used for decision-making process on health logistics management. Efforts will be directed towards networking of LMIS and inventory information among the center, regions, and districts for the development of an efficient health logistics management in the country. Processing of LMIS information piloted in five districts as per decentralization was strengthened and expanded in few more districts. LMD in collaboration with its supporting partners has completed the training on the pull system of essential drugs and now it has been implemented in 14 districts.

COMMUNITY DRUG PROGRAMME
Year-round availability of essential drugs in the health facilities is one of the major challenges for the efficient management of the primary health care delivery system in the country. In order to overcome this difficulty, the government had decided to implement the Community Drug Program throughout the country in a phased manner. The CDP program has been implemented in 44 districts of which 14 districts are fully covered, 16 districts are partially covered, DDC level orientation is completed in 5 districts and basic preparation for implementation is completed in 9 districts. CDP is emerging as a program for the development of self-sustaining basic health care services in the country.

NATIONAL HEALTH LABORATORY SERVICES
In this fiscal year, laboratory services were established and strengthened in central as well as peripheral health institutions. Various training programs were conducted for a different level of health staff. Now Laboratory facilities are available at 69 district hospitals and 186 PHCCs. All these laboratories require significant strengthening to provide quality services.

ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
Out of the 25,377 staff in the Department of Health Services over 60 percent work in rural areas. A total of 1,000 doctors and 4,199 public health staff are employed in different regions. Nursing personnel comprises 20 percent of the total health personnel. However, there is a need for the improvement in personnel records keeping and employee’s roles and responsibilities need to be clarified through functional analysis.

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
The health sector budget for this year was Rs. 7,55,54,31,000.00 of which Rs. 5,93,78,29,000.00 was allocated to recurrent budget and Rs. 1,61,76,02,000.00 to capital budget. The budget allocated to health programmes under the Department of Health Services was Rs 5,41,98,08,000.00 of which Rs. 4,37,52,97,000.00 (80.7 percent) was allocated to recurrent and Rs 1,04,40,09,000.00 (19.3 percent) was allocated to capital budget. The External Development Partners’ contributions comprised 47.0 percent of the total budget under DoHS. During this FY almost 6.0 of the national budget was allocated to the Ministry of Health and Population out of the total national budget.

PLANNING, PROGRAMMING, MONITORING, SUPERVISION, CO-ORDINATION AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
As in the previous year, Health Management Information System (HMIS) Section continued to provide trimester feedback of information on the activities undertaken by the districts to all Divisions/Centres of the DoHS, Regional Directorates, and the 75 District Health/Public Health Offices. Annual Performance Review workshops were conducted in all districts, regions and national level. Several pieces of training were conducted in program management to improve the skills of health workers. In this fiscal year, reporting status of hospitals was improved by 1.0 percent making at 94.0 percent and maintaining the high percentage reporting from other health institutions. The annual targeted activities were almost achieved.

HEALTH SERVICE COVERAGE
As can be seen from the fact sheet high coverage of health services has been achieved by many programs. In particular, immunization coverage has increased, CPR is gradually increasing every year; expansion and strengthening of different safe motherhood services such as comprehensive abortion care, maternity incentive scheme, basic and comprehensive EOC services are being carried out; reporting of hospital services has shown slight improvement; DOTS program has reached to 75 districts by extending the treatment centers and sub-centers and PR and NCDR in leprosy are declining every year. Although OPD new visits were slightly increased in terms of its coverage, it was decreased by 0.3 percent compared to FY 2061/62.

SUMMARY OF PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS

Each technical division and center of the Department of Health Services submitted an analysis of problems and constraints along with proposed solutions. These are presented in the specific sections. The Department of Health Services and the Ministry of Health and Population recognize the need to address these concerns. The problems and constraints identified cannot be dealt with in isolation. Analysis, planning, monitoring, and coordination are required at the macro and micro level. Ministry of Health and Population and the Department of Health Services will take appropriate actions to solve these issues where possible to improve the healthcare system so that quality care through effective management of resources is delivered.

An easy but reliable way to upgrade Opencart 1.4 to 1.5 by the programmer, not for other

By
Rupak Nepali
-

I did not do a live update, I took my time and created my 1.5.1.1 site in a test environment first. I had to do a lot of programming and database work to get this right. This is not a minor “10 minutes run a script type update”, well that’s my take on it.

All my data ported over except all of the options data. So all the customer order history was preserved with the exception of the options they ordered. You will lose the options in your existing orders so you will want to print any orders that you have not shipped yet. I print all my orders and file them so for me this was not an issue.

The steps I took:

  1. Installed a fresh version of 1.5.1.1 on my test server, We have a VPS so we created a new cPanel for it.
  2. Copied over my 1.4.7 database and image folder only.
  3. Ran Q’s update and followed all his instructions to the letter.
  4. We manually re-entered all my options, added some attributes, basically made all the products look good on the new version.
  5. Modded the heck out of them look a feel and basically made navigation a hi-bred of 1.47 and 1.5.1. I also made the cat/manufacture/specials/search etc.. look like they did 1.4.7.
  6. Created a few mods for myself like Shop by Brand etc. got the style of how I wanted it, all the normal stuff.
  7. 1-5 took me about 4 weeks (not full time) and for the last two weeks, I stopped adding new products to my production site to avoid any double data entry.
  8. Exported customer and order data today from my prod system (customer, order, order_product, order_total, order_history).
  9. Import the customer/order data into my test system and then updated those tables because the tables had changed. I actually just modified Q’s SQL script for those tables plus an insert into a coupon history table.
  10. Backed up my old site files and database. Made a second full backup.
  11. We copied our test site over to production. Updated config.php’s, prayed a little, fixed some SSL issues, errors in the config.php, couple of “Oh crap” moments but I finally ran some test orders and it seems to be running fine. It helps to know PHP, Java, and SQL pretty well.

If you are looking to upgrade Opencart from version 2.3 to 3.0.3.1 and Journal theme 2 to 3 then go to the following link and watch the video tutorial

Payment Gateway Provided By TechProcess Solutions Ltd help

By
Rupak Nepali
-

This post is for the developer of a payment gateway provided by TechProcess Solutions Ltp and can be helpful for the development of modules for Opencart

Checksum Document for PHP

Transaction Detail Checksum Facility
On Payment Gateway
Provided By TechProcess Solutions Ltd

TPSL has a checksum facility for providing security at transaction time. This is one of the types of integration we have. In this type of integration, TPSL will provide API to the merchant, which they have to deploy at their end. A checksum value will be generated using this API. Please find the below mentioned detailed process below.

Process for Checksum

1. The merchant has to deploy the API given by TPSL at their end.
2. All the necessary request parameters will be sent to this API.
3. This API will generate a checksum value.
4. At the request time, this checksum value will come to TPSL’s end with the request parameter as per Annexure 01.
5. When the request reaches TPSL’s side TPSL will once again generate the checksum value using the request parameter received from the Merchant.
6. If the value of the checksum matches at both ends, then the transaction will be forwarded to the respective bank.
7. Once TPSL receives the response from the bank, TPSL generates a checksum value with the response parameter that will be sent to the merchant.
8. Once TPSL sends the response to the merchant along with the checksum value, the merchant will generate a checksum using the response parameter received from TPSL.
9. If the checksum value matches at the merchant side using API then that transaction will return as a Transaction Success. After that check the auth status as per annexure 03:If, auth status=0300 is for a successful transaction or auth status=0399 is for failed transactions
10. If checksum mismatches, that transaction will be considered a Failed/Fraud transaction.

Learn about: Free invoice generator online

Technical Process Flow:

01. The merchant has to share the request URL (From which the transaction request will come) with TPSL.TPSL will configure the same at the TPSL end and validate transaction time for security purposes.
02. The merchant can hit the below URL for Transaction Processing

Testing: https://www.tekprocess.co.in/PaymentGateway/TransactionRequest.jsp?msg=”+strMsg

Live:
https://www.tpsl-india.in/PaymentGateway/TransactionRequest.jsp?msg=”+strMsg

Pre-requisites:

1. PHP 5 or greater
2. cUrl

Step 1: Files and Directory Verification

1.1. Please make sure a total of 5 files are provided to you. (Request.php, getcheck.php,
1.2. Response.php, keystoretekp.pem, and MerchantDetails.properties)
1.3. Make sure these files are placed under the same directory except MerchantDetails.properties.
1.4. It is not compulsory to place files under the directory provided by Techprocess.
1.5. Please ensure the following values are available inside the MerchantDetails.properties file.
1.5.1. BillerId= [Represent the Merchant ID provided by TPSL.]
1.5.2. ResponseUrl= [Represent the Response URL of the merchant.]
1.5.3. CRN= [Currency.]
1.5.4. CheckSumKey= [Unique key provided by TPSL.]
1.5.5. CheckSumGenUrl= [URL provided by TPSL.]
1.5.6. TPSLUrl= [TPSL Payment gateway URL.]

Step 2: Implementation

2.1. Make sure the MerchantDetails.properties file is not accessible from the browser.
2.2. For testing, the default URL will be present for “TPSLUrl=” in the MerchantDetails.properties file.
2.3. You can change this URL once you get the new URL from TPSL for Live Transactions.
2.4. Change the following in MerchantDetails.properties with the details TPSL has provided.
2.5. Make sure there are any spaces at the beginning and the end of each value of
2.6. MerchantDetails.properties. Follow Screen:1

Screen: 1

2.7. Copy Request.php, getcheck.php, Response.php, and keystoretekp.pem to the desired directory.
2.8. Open getcheck.php and change the Property file path to the path where you have placed your property file. Make a similar change in Response.php

Follow Screen:2.

Screen: 2

2.9. Now, look for “curl_setopt($ch,
CURLOPT_REFERER,’http://www.yourdomain.com/filename.php’);”
line and change the URL to where your getcheck.php and Response.php file is placed. Make sure you replace the filename.php with the respective file names. e.g.

For getcheck.php:
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_REFERER,’http://www.yourdomain.com/getcheck.php’);

For response.php:
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_REFERER,’http://www.yourdomain.com/Response.php’);

3. Step 3: Important things to remember.
3.1 Do not modify “keystoretekp” file.
3.2 Do not modify any code in any of the files.
3.3 To get response values, you can check the “Response.php” file. Do not bypass any of the procedures from the “Response.php” file.
3.4 Under response.php you will get the following array once the transaction is done.

[0] => T1234 [Biller Id]
[1] => 1 [Transaction ID]
[2] => 00
[3] => NA
[4] => 1 [Amount]
[5] => 470 [Bank code]
[6] => NA
[7] => NA
[8] => INR
[9] => NA
[10] => NA
[11] => NA
[12] => NA
[13] => 18-07-2011 10:12:18 [Timestamp]
[14] => 0399 [Could be 0300/0399] 0300: Success transaction. 0399: Failed transaction.
[15] => NA
[16] => 1 [Market code]
[17] => 1 [Account Number]
[18] => NA
[19] => NA
[20] => NA
[21] => NA
[22] => NA
[23] => NA
[24] => NA
[25] => 292697030925

3.4 Please remember integration will be handled in two ways.
a) Test server transaction.
b) Live server transaction.
For both types, you need to perform configuration in the same files/fields which are provided to you.

Request.php: Do not require any kind of configuration.
getcheck.php: Configuration required.
Response.php: Configuration required.
MerchantDetails.properties: Configuration required.
Keystoretekp.pem: Do not require any kind of configuration.

Configuration Required in Files Revised for both types

getcheck.php:
i. Set the property file path.
ii. Set curl_opt REFERER path to your domain name.
iii. Set curl_opt CURLOPT_CAINFO path to the certificate that is provided to you. Please note Test and Live certificates are different.

Response.php:
iv. Set the property file path.
v. Set curl_opt REFERER path to your domain name.
vi. Set curl_opt CURLOPT_CAINFO path to the certificate which is provided to you. Please note Test and Live certificates are different.

MerchantDetails.properties:
vii. Change BillerID to the one provided to you.
viii. Change Responseurl to the one where your Response.php file is located.
ix. Change CheckSumKey to the one that is provided to you.
x. Change CheckSumGenUrl when the Live URL is provided to you.
xi. Change TPSLUrl when the Live URL is provided to you.

For more details related to Request and Response please refer to Annexure.

Annexure 01: Checksum Request Parameter (From Merchant to TPSL)

Parameter
Sample Value Size Type Description
Transaction Id 1234556 8 (string) Mandatory MERCHANT unique reference number
Market Code 1234 10 (String) Mandatory Extra information from the merchant for product details with alphanumeric plus _
Account No 123-334444 OR
1 200 (String) Mandatory It will be the account number of customers provided by MERCHANT or if MERCHANT don’t want to pass account no then they need to pass the constant value as 1.
Payment Amount 500.00 8 Mandatory It will be the transaction amount
Bank Code 300 5 (String) Mandatory It will be a bank Code as per Annexure 08.
Property file path D:\TechProcess\Property\MerchantDetails_T1199.properties 150 (String) Mandatory Merchant needs to pass the complete or relative path of the property file residing in the system.

Annexure 02: Checksum Response Parameter (From TPSL to Merchant)

Parameter Sample Value Size Type Description
MERCHANT ID L123 6 Character MERCHANT id provided by TPSL to MERCHANT.
CustomerID 9871234567 20 varchars MERCHANT unique transaction id.
TxnreferenceNo NA NA NA TPSL unique transaction ID
BankReferenceNo NA NA NA Banks unique transaction ID.
TxnAmount 700 15 Varchar Transaction Amount provided by MERCHANT (SRC AMT field in TPSL system).
BankID 300 3 Numeric Bank Id provided by TPSL.
BankMERCHANTID NA NA NA It will be the MERCHANT id of MERCHANT provided by the bank (provided by the bank). For the rest banks, it will be “NA”.
TxnType NA NA NA This will be “NA” always.
Currency Name INR 3 Varchar This will be “INR” always.
Item Code NA NA NA This will be “NA” always.
Security Type NA NA NA This will be “NA” always.
Security ID NA NA NA This will be “NA” always.
Security Password NA NA NA This will be “NA” always.
TxnDate Date 20 Date Format DD-MM-YYYY HH:MM: SS Time and date at which TPSL sends the response. Format is
DD-MM-YYYY HH:MM: SS
Auth Status Refer to Annexure 03
Settlement Type NA NA NA This will be “NA” always.
AdditionalInfo1 7072006 20 Varchar This will be the market code.
AdditionalInfo2 102-102976395 100 Varchar This will be the account number.
AdditionalInfo3 NA NA Date This will be “NA” always.
AdditionalInfo4 NA NA Varchar This will be “NA” always.
AdditionalInfo5 NA NA Varchar This will be “NA” always.
AdditionalInfo6 NA NA Varchar This will be “NA” always.
AdditionalInfo7 NA NA Varchar This will be “NA” always.
ErrorStatus NA NA NA This will be “NA” always
Error Description NA or 000 100 NA or Varchar This will be either “NA” or respective error messages.
CheckSum 123456789 50 Varchar This will be a unique checksum number as per logic.

Note: The checksum that is generated is 12 digit number.

Annexure 03:

AUTHSTATUS Status Reason Proposed Transaction
“0300” Success Successful Transaction
“0399” Invalid Authentication at Bank Cancel Transaction

Test Account

BillerId=T1234
ResponseUrl=http://www.yourdomain.com/Response.php
CRN=INR
CheckSumKey=1234567890ABCDEFG
CheckSumGenUrl=https://www.tekprocess.co.in/PaymentGateway/CheckSumRequest
TPSLUrl=https://www.tekprocess.co.in/PaymentGateway/TransactionRequest.jsp

integration of the TechProcess payment gateway, Indian payment gateway integration, tech process test account, live account of tech process

If you are looking for API knowledge of the Opencart then watch the following video:

Referential Integrity

By
Rupak Nepali
-

To establish a “parent-child” or a “master-detail” relationship between two tables having a common column, we make use of referential integrity constraints. To implement this, we should define the column in the parent table as a primary key and the same column in the child table as a foreign key referring to the corresponding parent entry.

A value that appears in one relation for a given set of attributes also appears for a certain group of attributes in another relation. This condition is called referential integrity.

It is a rule that maintains consistency among the rows of two relations. The rule states that if there is a foreign key in one relation, either each foreign key value must match a primary key value in another relation.

database-integrity
database-integrity

Create table Department

( Denptno number(2),

Dname varchar2(20),

HOD varchar2(10),

Constraint pk_deptno Primary Key(Deptno));

Create table Employee

( EmpNo number(3),

Ename varchar2(20),

Salary number(5),

Address varchar2(20),

Deptno number(2),

Constraint pk_empno Primay Key(EmpNo)

Constraint fk_deptno Foreign Key (Deptno) References Department(Deptno));

There may be a tuple tr in r(say Department Table) that does not join with any tuple in s (say Employee Table). Such tuples are called dangling tuples. Depending on the entity set or relationship set being modeled, dangling tuples may or may not be acceptable. Here as shown in the example above record of deptid 30 is exist whose corresponding employee record does not exist so that tuple is called dangling tuples. Dangling tuples in a relation are permitted where the primary key existed but dangling tupes into the foreign key columns contains does not permit.

Database modifications can cause violations of referential integrity. While performing database modification; referential-integrity constraint rules should not be violated.

Insert:-

If a tuple t2 is inserted into r2, the system must ensure that there must be a tuple t1 in r1.

This means that if you enter an employee record into the Employee table then his/her department must have existed in the Department table under which he/she is working.

i.e. we can enter employee records who are working under departments 10,20 or 30 but not 40 cause this is not present in the Department table.

Delete:-

If a tuple t1 is deleted from r1, the system must compute the set of tuples in r2 that reference t1.

If this set is not empty, either the delete command is rejected as an error, or the tuples that reference t1 must themselves be deleted. The latter solution may lead to cascading deletions, since tuples may reference tuples that reference t1, and so on.

In short; you can’t delete any department from the Department table till you delete all the employees from the Employee table working under that department. But here we can use on delete cascade macro for performing this task.

Update:-

We must consider two cases for the update: updates to the referencing relation (r2), and updates to the referenced relation (r1).

  • If a tuple t2 is updated in relation r2, and the update modifies values for the foreign key, then a test similar to the insert case is made.
  • If a tuple t1 is updated in r1, and the update modifies values for the primary key, then a test similar to the delete case is made.

SQL Syntax:

Create a table Employee (foreign key (Deptno) references Department(Deptno) on delete cascade on update cascade);

Foreign Key can be specified as part of the SQL create table statement by using the foreign key clause. (ie. SQL DDL statements). By default, a foreign key references the primary key attributes of the referenced table. SQL also supports a version of the references clause where a list of attributes of the referenced relation can be specified explicitly. Ie. We can simply write
Foreign key (Deptno) references Department);

When a referential integrity constraint is violated, the normal procedure is to reject the action that caused the violation, However, a foreign key clause can specify that if a delete or update action on the referenced relation violates the constraint, then, instead of rejecting the action, the system must take steps to change the tuple in the referencing relation to restoring the constraint.

Because of the clause on delete cascade associated with the foreign-key declaration, if a delete of a tuple in any Department table results in this referential-integrity constraint being violated, the system does not reject the delete. Instead, the delete “cascades to the Employee relation, deleting the tuple that refers to the Department that was deleted. Similarly, the system does not reject an update to a field referenced by the constraint if it violates it.

Referential Integrity (example from BOOK)

(referential-integrity constraints or sub-set dependencies)

A value that appears in one relation for a given set of attributes also appears for a certain set of attributes in another relation. This condition is called referential integrity.

create table customer

( customer_name char(20),

customer_street char(30),

customer_city char(30),

primary key (customer_name));

create table branch

( branch_name char(15),

branch_city char(30),

assets numeric(16,2),

primary key (branch_name),

check (assets>=0));

create table account

( account_number char(10),

branch_name char(15),

balance numeric(12,2),

primary key (account_number),

foreign key (branch_name) references the branch,

check (balance >=0));

create table depositor

( customer_name char(20),

account_number char(20),

 primary key (customer_name, account_number),

foreign key (customer_name) references the customer,

foreign key (account_name) references account);

Foreign keys can be specified as part of the SQL create table statement by using the foreign key clause. We illustrate foreign-key declarations by using the SQL DDL definition of part of our database (as shown above in SQL statements).

The definition of the account table has a declaration of a foreign key (branch_name) referencing the branch. This foreign-key declaration specifies that for each account tuple, the branch name specified in the tuple must exist in the branch relation.

By default, in SQL a foreign key references the primary key attributes of the referenced table. SQL also supports a version of the references clause where a list of attributes of the referenced relation can be specified explicitly.

Branch_name char(15) references the branch

When a referential integrity constraint is violated, the normal procedure is to reject the action that caused the violation. However, a foreign key  clause can specify that if a delete or update action on the referenced relation violates the constraint, then, instead of rejecting the action, the system must take steps to change the tuple in the referencing relation to restore the constraint. Consider this definition of an integrity constraint on the relation account

Assertions

An assertion is a predicate expressing a condition that we wish the database to always satisfy. Domain constraints and referential integrity constraints are special forms of assertions. We have paid substantial attention to these forms of assertion because they are easily tested and apply to a wide range of database applications. However, there are many constraints that we cannot express by using only these special forms. Two examples of such constraints are:

  • The sum of all loan amounts for each branch must be less than the sum of all account balances at the branch.
  • Every loan has at least one customer who maintains an account with a minimum balance of Rs. 1000.

An assertion in SQL takes the form

create assertion <assertion-name> check <predicate>

When an assertion is created, the system tests it for validity. If the assertion is valid, then any future modification to the database is allowed only if it does not cause that assertion to be violated. This testing may introduce a significant amount of overhead if complex assertions have been made.

Domain Constraints

By
Rupak Nepali
-

(the principle behind attribute domains is similar to that behind typing of variables in programming languages.)

We have seen that a domain of possible values must be associated with every attribute. We know a no of standard domain types and data and time types defined in SQL. Declaring an attribute to be of a particular domain acts as a constraint on the values that it can take. The system tests them easily whenever a new data item is entered into the database.

A domain is a set of values that may be assigned to an attribute. A domain definition usually consists of the following components: domain name, meaning, data type , size(or length), and allowable values or allowable range.

As we know that every attribute must have a specific domain (in general data types) that accepts the associated values of its own kind. We know a number of standard domain types, such as integer types, character types, and date/time types defined in SQL. Declaring an attribute to be of a particular domain acts as a constraint on the values that it can take. Domain constraints are the most elementary form of integrity constraint. The system tests them easily whenever a new data item is entered into the database.

It is possible for several attributes to have the same domain. For example, the attributes customer-name and employee-name might have the same domain. At the implementation level, both customer names and branch names are character strings.

The create domain clause can be used to define new domains.

create domain <domain-name> <constraints-types>

For example, the statements

create domain dollars number(12,2);

create domain pounds number(10,2);

Here, these statements define the domains dollars and pounds to be decimal numbers with a total of 12 digits and 10 digits respectively, two of which are placed after the decimal point. An attempt to assign a value of type dollars to a variable of type pounds would result in a syntax error, although both are of the same numeric type.

The check clause in SQL permits domains to be restricted in powerful ways that most programming language-type systems do not permit. Specifically, the check clause permits the schema designer to specify a predicate (selection condition) that must be satisfied by any value assigned to a variable whose type is the domain.

For example, a check clause can ensure that an hourly wage domain allows only values greater than a specified values.

create domain hourly wage numeric(5,2)

constraint wage-value-test check(value>=4.00)

The domain hourly wage has a constraint that ensures that the hourly wage is greater than 4.00. the clause constraint wage-value-test is optional and is used to give the name wage-value-test to the constraint. The name is used to indicate which constraint an update violated.

The check clause can also be used to restrict a domain not to contain any null values.

create domain account char(10)

constraint account-no-null-test check(value not null)

Another example: here the domain can be restricted to contain only a specified set of values by using the in the clause.

create domain accounType char(10)

constraint account-type-test check(value in(Checking, Saving))

Integrity Constraints

By
Rupak Nepali
-

(The rules that should not be violated while performing an operation on the database)

Integrity constraints ensure that changes made to the database by authorized users do not result in a loss of data consistency. Thus, integrity constraints guard against accidental damage to the database.

Simple Constraints are Key Constraints and forms of Relationships Constraints.

The relational data model includes several types of constraints, or business rules, whose purpose is to facilitate maintaining the accuracy and integrity of data in the database. The major types of integrity constraints are domain constraints, entity integrity, and referential integrity.

Integrity Constraint:

Database designers can specify integrity constraints that are enforced by the DBMS. A constraint is a rule that cannot be violated by database users (ie. Also called a business rule).

(controlling data integrity)

For many DBMS data, integrity constraints ( ie. Control on the possible value a field can assume) can be built into the physical structures of the fields. The data type enforces one form of data integrity control. Since it may limit the type of data (for eg:- numeric or character, data type) and length of a field value. Some typical integrity constraints control that a DBMS may support are:-

Default Value:- A default is a value a field will assume unless a user enters an explicit value. For an instance of that field. Assigning a default value to a field can reduce a data entry time since the entry of a value can be skipped and it can also help to reduce data entry errors for that most common value.

Range Control:- A range control limits the set of permitted values, a field may assume. The range may be a numeric lower to upper bound or a set of specific values. Range control must be used with caution since the limits of the range may change over time.

NULL value control:- Each primary key must have an integrity control that prohibits null value. Any other required fields may also have invalid value control placed on them if that is the policy of the organization.

Referential Integrity:- Referential Integrity on a field is a form of range control in which the value of that field must exist as the value in some field in another row of the same or different table. ie. The range of legitimate values comes from the dynamic contents of the field in a database table, not from the pre-specified setup values.

An integrity constraint is that the value of an attribute in one relation depends on the value of a primary key in the same or another relation.

1...222324Page 24 of 24

Featured

ABOUT US

Webocreation.com provides a wide range of web development services, in the eCommerce industries, the online marketing world, and web development. (641) 455-1295 webocreation.com@gmail.com 6015 W Camino San Xavier, Glendale Arizona, 85308

FOLLOW US

© Copyright Webocreation